Pascals Triangle

Here is a Pascals triangle for up to a 20th order polynomial.  The second number in the series is the order of the polynomial.

                                                                             1

                                                                                                                    1    1

                                                                                                                  1   2   1

                                                                                                                1   3   3   1

                                                                                                            1  4    6    4   1

                                                                                                       1   5    10  10   5   1

                                                                                                     1   6   15   20   15   6   1

                                                                                                  1   7   21   35   35   21   7   1

                                                                                               1   8   28   56   70   56   28   8   1

                                                                                        1   9   36   84   126   126   84   36   9   1     

                                                                               1   10   45   120   210   252   210   120   45   10   1

                                                                          1   11   55   165   330   462   462   330   165   55   11   1  

                                                                      1   12   66   220   495   792   924   792   495   220   66   12   1

                                                                  1   13   78   286   715   1287   1716   1716   1287   715   286   78   13   1

                                                        1   14   91   364   1001   2002   3003   3432   3003   2002   1001   364   91   14   1

                                                 1   15   105   455   1365   3003   5005   6435   6435   5005   3003   1365   455   105   15   1

                                      1   16   120   560   1820   4368   8008   11440   12870   11440   8008   4368   1820   560   120   16   1

                               1   17   136   680   2380   6188   12376   19448   24310   24310   19448   12376   6188   2380   680   136   17   1

                         1   18   153   816   3060   8568 18564   31824   43758   48620   43758   31824   18564   8568   3060   816   153   18   1  
                1   19   171   969   3876   11628   27132   50388   75582   92378   92378   75582   50388   27132   11628   3876   969   171   19   1
1   20   190   1140   4845   15504   38760   77520   125970   167960   184756   167960   125970   77520   38760   15504   4845   1140   190   20   1  

Pascal's Triangle

1

1 1      1

2 1   2    1

3 1   3    3    1

4 1    4   6    4    1

5 1   5   10   10   5   1

6 1   6  15   20   15   6    1

7  1  7  21  35  35   21     7   1

On the last post we looked at binomial expansion.  It involved calculating combinations as well as carrying large numbers and was not very easy.  With Pascal's triangle we, there is no need to calculate combinations because they are given on the table.

So lets look at the table.  The numbers in red are the order of polynomial ad the number go in front of the variable from left to right.  To show this lets say that we wanted to see what (x+1)⁴:

This equation is 4th order.  So we use: 1       4       6        4         1

This becomes:   (x+1)⁴=1 x⁴   +  4 x³   +   6 x²   +    4x    +     1= x⁴+4x³+x²+4x+1

That's pretty nifty isn't it?

If we wanted (x+y)⁴=x⁴+4x³y+x²y²+4xy³+y⁴

 So you might ask if you need to memorize this table of does this table only go down to 7th order equations.  The answer is no to both questions.  You can construct this table and it goes down to as large a order as you want.

How do we construct it.

Start with                                                                                                  1

Put 1 on outside of the 1                                                                        1    1

Put one on the outside of the 1 and add the middle numbers:             1    2    1      (2=1+1)

Repeat                                                                                                1    3    3   1    (3=1+1)
Repeat                                                                                             1    4     6   4   1   (4=3+1) (6=3+3)

So if you are observing, you will see the number in the triangle is between two numbers and it is the sum of those 2 numbers.

The order of the equation starts at 1  at the two 1's ie                               1   1    1

The numbers descend from 1 from there:                                                2   1   2    1

                                                                                                              3    1    3   3     1

                                                                                                         ...................................

So just to show how easy it is if we had (x+1)⁸=x⁸+8x⁷+28x⁶+56x⁵+70x⁴ +56x³+28x²+8x+1

Homework:  Construct the 8 the through 10 order of pascals triangle.  I will be posting a large table soon so check back. 

                                                                                                            

¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹   

Binomial Theory Using Polynomial Expansion

If we expand:
 (x+a)(x+b)=x²+(a+b)x+ab
(x+a)(x+b)(x+c)=x³+(a+b+c)x²+(ab+ac+bc)x+abc
(x+a)(x+b)(x+c)(x+d)=x⁴+(a+b+c+d)x³+(ab+ac+ad+bc+bd+cd)x²+(abc+abd +cd+bcd)x+abcd

Lets say that we want to have 2 numbers or a binomial we would change the expressions above to:
(x+1)², (x+1)³, and (x+1)⁴
They equal:
(x+1)²=x²+(1+1)x+1X1=x²+2x+1
(x+1)³=x³+(1+1+1)x²+(1X1+1X1+1X1)x+1X1X1=x³+3x²+3x=1
When when we expand a binomial, the number preceding each x is just the number of combinations of a,b,c variables preceding our x in our polynomial expansion.

(x+1)⁴=x⁴+4x³+6x²+4x+1
(x+1)ⁿ=xⁿ+[nC(n-1)]xⁿ⁻¹+[nC(n-2)]xⁿ⁻²+[nC(n-3)]xⁿ⁻³...........

Now lets lets see what happens if we use a variable like y instead of 1.
(x+y)²=x²+(y+y)x+y.y=x²+2yx+y²
(x+1)³=x³+(y+y+y)x²+(y.y+y.y+y.y)x+y.y.y=x³+3yx²+3y²x+y³
(x+y)⁴=x⁴+4yx³+6x²y²+4xy³+y⁴

Our expansion becomes
(x+y)ⁿ=xⁿ+[nC(n-1)]xⁿ⁻¹y+[nC(n-2)]xⁿ⁻²y²+[nC(n-3)]xⁿ⁻³y³...........yⁿ

Lets say we have (x+y)⁶=x⁶+6x⁵y+15x⁴y²+20x³y³+15x²y⁴+6xy⁵+y⁶

If we had a number like 3 instead of y, we would substitute 3 where we have y and it would look like this:

(x+3)⁶=x⁶+6x⁵(3)+15x⁴(9)+20x³(27)+15x²(81)+6x(243)+y⁶(729)=x⁶+18x⁵+135x⁴+540x³+ 1215x²+1458x+729y⁶

As you can see there is a lot of calculation involved in expanding binomial series.  There is a way that you can just plug a number in from a table. This table is called Pascal's Triangle.  We will do post on this next.  Many people skip binomial expansion and just use Pascal's Triangle.

Foiling Quadratic Functions

(X+A)(X+B) is the multiplication of two factors in a quadratic equation.  We also call it distribution.  A very easy way to solve these equation is with a term called Foiling.  Lets break it down.

First + Outside + Inside + Last

Example:

Expand (X+5)(X+3)

First (X)(X)=X² + Outside (X)(3)=3X +  Inside (5)(X)=5X + Last (5)(3)=15=X² + 8X + 15

Ah ha.  Now you know what foil means.

Lets try expanding (X-4)(X+3)

First (X)(X)=X² + Outside (X)(3)=3X +  Inside (-4)(X)=-4X + Last (-4)(3)=-12=X² -X -12

Something a little harder

Expand (-3X+7)(2X-4)

First (-3X)(2X)=-6X² + Outside (-3X)(-4)=-12X +  Inside (7)(2X)=14X + Last (7)(-24)=-28=

=-6X² +2X -28

Whohoo! Now try a few yourself:

1) (X+5)(X+2)

2) (X-3)(X+5)
3) (X+9)(X+1)

4) (3X+2)(X-7)
5) (6x-4)(3X-2)

Answers (1) x²+7x +10 (2) x²+2x-15 (3) x²+10x+9 (4) 3x²-19x-14 (5) 18x²+8

30 x 30 Table for Squares

Students and also many adults like myself were compelled to learn a multiplication table and to know perfect squares up to 12².  A student who is able to memorize squares up to 30² will be way ahead of other students.  Even learning up to 20² 

Lets see if we can learn up to a 20².  You have a these numbers 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, and 400.  We are going to memorize one number and that is 13²=169.

So we start with 169 and we then reverse the 2 digits and have 196.
We also understand that all numbers that end in 5 always end in 25.  If 14² is 196, then 15² will be larger than 200 so  15²=225.

We take the last 2 digits and move them to the front.  So 225 becomes 25x and 16² has a units digit of 6 so 16²=256.

17² is 289 and the last two digits add up to 17.

324 is 2 3 4 a numerical procession  with 2 and 3 reversed.

361 3+6=9 so if we add them together in our number we have 91.  We flip these around and we have 19.

Another quick way is that the front numbers progress by 3 from 169 3 times and then progress by 4.  The units digit always follows the square of the units digit.
169 196 225 256 289 324 369 400

400 is easy.

There are many people who will contend that there are fast ways to figure out squares and there are but if a person is able to  memorize the table to a 20 x 20 (30 x 30 is even better) they will be incredible mathematicians.  Concepts like long division, factoring polynomials, logarithms, trigonometry, and basic algebra will be easier.  Advanced math like many integration theorems, Greens Theorem  and Fourier Transforms will all be easier if person understands numbers beyond the 10 by 10 multiplication table.  People will also understand and retain this information for life time instead of just forgetting about it when they leave academia.  

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
1	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30
2	2	4	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24	26	28	30	32	34	36	38	40	42	44	46	48	50	52	54	56	58	60
3	3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36	39	42	45	48	51	54	57	60	63	66	69	72	75	78	81	84	87	90
4	4	8	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	100	104	108	112	116	120
5	5	10	15	20	25	30	35	40	45	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95	100	105	110	215	120	125	130	135	140	145	150
6	6	12	18	24	30	36	42	48	54	60	66	72	78	84	90	96	102	108	114	120	126	132	238	144	150	156	162	168	174	180
7	7	14	21	28	35	42	49	56	63	70	77	84	91	98	105	112	119	126	133	140	147	154	261	168	175	182	189	196	203	210
8	8	16	24	32	40	48	56	64	72	80	88	96	104	112	120	128	136	144	152	160	168	176	285	192	200	208	216	224	232	240
9	9	18	27	36	45	54	63	72	81	90	99	108	117	126	135	144	153	162	171	180	189	208	308	216	225	234	243	252	261	270
10	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100	110	120	130	140	150	160	170	180	190	200	210	220	230	240	250	260	270	280	290	300
11	11	22	33	44	55	66	77	88	99	110	121	132	143	154	165	176	187	198	209	220	231	242	253	264	275	286	297	308	319	330
12	12	24	36	48	60	72	84	96	108	120	132	144	156	168	180	192	204	216	228	240	252	264	276	288	300	312	324	336	348	360
13	13	26	39	52	65	78	91	104	117	130	143	156	169	182	195	208	221	234	247	260	273	286	299	312	325	338	351	364	377	390
14	14	28	42	56	70	84	98	112	126	140	154	168	182	196	210	224	238	252	266	280	294	308	322	336	350	364	378	392	406	420
15	15	30	45	60	75	90	105	120	135	150	165	180	195	210	225	240	255	270	285	300	315	330	345	360	375	390	405	420	435	450
16	16	32	48	64	80	96	112	128	144	160	176	192	208	224	240	256	272	288	304	320	336	252	368	384	400	416	432	448	464	480
17	17	34	51	68	85	102	119	136	153	170	187	204	221	238	255	272	289	306	323	340	357	274	391	408	425	442	459	476	493	510
18	18	36	54	72	90	108	126	144	162	180	198	216	234	252	270	288	306	324	342	360	378	296	414	432	450	468	486	504	522	540
19	19	38	57	76	95	114	133	152	171	190	209	228	247	266	285	304	323	342	361	380	399	318	437	456	475	492	513	532	551	570
20	20	40	60	80	100	120	140	160	180	200	220	240	260	280	300	320	340	360	380	400	420	440	460	480	500	518	540	560	580	600
21	21	42	63	84	105	126	147	168	189	210	231	252	273	294	315	336	357	378	399	420	441	462	483	504	525	542	567	588	609	630
22	22	44	66	88	110	132	154	176	208	220	242	264	286	308	330	252	274	296	318	440	462	484	506	528	550	572	594	616	638	660
23	23	46	69	92	215	238	261	285	308	230	253	276	299	322	345	368	391	414	437	460	483	506	529	552	575	595	618	641	667	690
24	24	48	72	96	120	144	168	192	216	240	264	288	312	336	360	384	408	432	456	480	504	528	552	576	600	624	648	672	696	720
25	25	50	75	100	125	150	175	200	225	250	275	300	325	350	375	400	425	450	475	500	525	550	575	600	625	650	618	700	725	750
26	26	52	78	104	130	156	182	208	234	260	286	312	338	364	390	416	442	468	494	520	546	572	595	624	650	676	702	728	754	780
27	27	54	81	108	135	162	189	216	243	270	297	324	351	378	405	432	459	486	513	540	567	594	618	648	675	702	729	756	783	810
28	28	56	84	112	140	168	196	224	252	280	308	336	364	392	420	448	476	504	532	560	588	616	641	672	700	728	756	784	812	840
29	29	58	87	116	145	174	203	232	261	290	319	348	377	406	435	464	493	522	551	580	609	638	667	696	725	754	783	812	841	870
30	30	60	90	120	150	180	210	240	270	300	330	360	390	420	450	480	510	540	570	600	630	660	690	720	750	780	810	840	870	900

Learning  Binary

What do we mean by binary?  All digits have 2 numbers 1 and 0.

This is not initially intuitive but it is not too bad after we compare it to a system we commonly use which is based on tens.  This system is called the decimal system.

When we count in tens we do it as follows.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and after we get to the end of are units digit we carry a 1 to our next digit and get 10.
So as we go further from 10 it becomes 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 and we get to the end of our units digit and we carry a 1 into our tens digit and add it to the 1 already there and we have 20.

You may be asking why we are doing this.  We already know this and it seems natural but our new number system is similar but because we only have 2 numbers we go like this.
1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001...............
Okay this is becoming more clear.  As you can see our 2 numbers are 1 and 0 but every time we go from 1 to the next number we carry into the next digit. 

Lets go a little further in our counting:
1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111 100000

Okay now you got it.  Practice counting by looking away from the numbers above and check once you are done.  You will get it pretty quick.

Now how would we convert binary to our decimal number system:

Lets look at a number. 11101 Now lets break it a part and we have 1 in the 5th place and 1 in the 4th place and 1 in the 3rd place 0 in the 2nd place 1 in the unit or ones place.

So this is more clear we will count along with the decimal equivalent so we can see what is happening.
1 2    3   4     5     6     7     8       9       10     11      12     13     14     15    16      17        18       19
1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011  1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 10010 10011
 20       21        22      23       24       25       26       27       28      29     
10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101

Now that doesn't seem too easy does it?  There is an easier way but this demonstrates how the number systems correspond.
First any digit that is 0 will represent 0 for that digit.
The first digit is equal to 1 so 1=1 and 0=0
The second digit equal to 2 so 10=2 and 00=0
The third digit is equal to 2² =4 so 100=4
The forth digit is equal to 2³=8 so 1000=8
The fifth digit is equal to 2⁴ =16 so 10000=16

So in our 11101=10000+1000+100+1=16+8+4+1=29

So each digit equals 2⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾ .  If we have a number, 1001001=2⁽⁷⁻¹⁾ +2⁽⁴⁻¹⁾+1=  2⁶ +2³+1=64+8+1=73

Try some numbers and use a binary to decimal calculator to test your answer.

Multiplication of 2, 4, 8 

I have helped students who are given a 10 x 10 multiplication table and in school they are required to memorize it.  Many students have a difficult time with this task.  They also use speed method like using flash cards in class.  There are also classes that use the flash cards and use speed methods to learn.  The problem with speed methods is that only the best students benefit from this and the rest of the students are left behind. Some students respond well to these methods but there are many students who don't respond well to this form of learning how to multiply.  These students are left behind and many never recover from this in developing their math skills.  Here is a method I use to teach multiplication of 2, 4 and 8.

Here is a easy way to memorize the numbers:

• When I was young we used to learn numbers like 2's by rhythmically saying.  This was common on kids shows like Sesame Street.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 

70 72 74 76 78 80

• It is very easy to memorize.  After these numbers are memorized, the student can say: 2 times 2 is 4, 2 times 3 is 6, 2 times 8 is 16,  2 times 9 is 18, and 2 times 10 is 20.The next thing is for a person the rhythmic saying and silently say 2 and then say 4 out loud and then silently say 6 and then say 8 out loud.  This can be done while looking at the chart and saying out loud the high lighted numbers.

2  4  6  8  10  12  14  16  18  20  22  24  26  28  30  32  34  36  38  40  42  44  46 48 50  52  54  56 58  60  62  64    66  68   70  72  74  76  78 80

Then a person can rhythmically say 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80.

After the numbers are memorized say: 4 times 2 is 8, 4 times 3 is 12, 4 times 4 is 16, 4 times 5 is 20, 4 times 6 is 24, 4 times 7 is 28, 4 times 8 is 32, 4 times 9 is 36, and 4 times 10 is 40.

• The last step is to rhythmically say 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80.   A person can then say 8 times 2 is 16, 8 times 3 is 24, 8 times 4 is 32, 8 times 5 is 40, 8 times 6 is 48, 8 times 7 is 56, 8 times 8 is 64, 8 times 9 is 72, and 8 times 10 is 80.

I would recommend that a student go through the first step this 5 times twice a day for a week. Then a student can do the second step for 5 times twice a day for 3 days.  Then the student can do the 3rd step 5 times twice a day for 3 days.  If a student counts the 1's there are 35 memorized and over half way done.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
2	2	4	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20
3	3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30
4	4	8	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40
5	5	10	15	20	25	30	35	40	45	50
6	6	12	18	24	30	36	42	48	54	60
7	7	14	21	28	35	42	49	56	63	70
8	8	16	24	32	40	48	56	64	72	80
9	9	18	27	36	45	54	63	72	81	90
10	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100

After the student has memorized the numbers, they can fill out their table and see their progress.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 215 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 238 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 261 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 285 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 208 308 216 225 234 243 252 261 270 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300